Machiavelli Locke And Plato Essays - Italian Politicians

Machiavelli Locke And Plato John Locke and Niccol Machiavelli are political scholars writing in two distinct terrains and two unique occasions. Locke's seventeenth century England was nearly affable war and Machiavelli's fifteenth century Italy was on the skirt of intrusion. However, understudies and political savants still excitedly read and discussion their works today. Would could it be that draws perusers to these works? Why, following 300 years, do we despite everything read Two Treatises on Government, Discourses on Livy, and The Prince? The response to those questions lies in every content itself, and cautious survey will deliver talks on those inquiries and numerous others. The focal point of this talk is to look at the treatment of the individuals by the two creators, to find what Machiavelli furthermore, Locke expound on the individuals' job in their various structures of government. Specifically, this paper looks to comprehend that job in respects to the political force each creator respects, or retains from, the individuals. In expansion, these medicines of intensity and the individuals will be contrasted with the compositions of another immortal political savant, Plato. By comparing Two Treatises on Government, Discourses on Livy, The Prince, and The Republic against each other, this paper will show how journalists from three altogether different hundreds of years all settled upon an indistinguishable idea of the connection between the intensity of the individuals and their job in government. This hypothesis isn't promptly evident upon beginning perusing of these creators. In reality, generally political scholars would contend that each creator has an extremely unmistakable thought of what job the individuals play in government. Accordingly, a perfect spot to begin is in the contrasts of each creator's depiction of the individuals and the political force they use. Machiavelli, the most cynical of the three scholars with respect to people and human instinct, composes that all men can be blamed for that imperfection which Livy calls vanity and irregularity (The Discourses on Livy, 115). He proceeds by composing: ...people [are] nothing other than a beast creature that, in spite of the fact that of a fierce and non domesticated nature, has consistently been fed in jail what's more, in bondage (Discourses on Livy, 44). Creatures, that are by their inclination fierce, become terrified and befuddled when discharged from imprisonment. Without the safe house and food they had generally expected when trained, they are more defenseless to future endeavors at bondage. Man likewise gets frightened and confounded in opportunity in the wake of living under the administration of others. Machiavelli composes that these men need comprehension of open protection or open offense, and rapidly return underneath the burden that is regularly heavier than the one it had expelled from its neck a little previously (Discourses on Livy, 44). Men are resigned like tamed canines or dairy cattle, as per this depiction, and have a job in administration of minimal political force. With Plato, there is a continuation of a similar subject began by Machiavelli. The individuals principally assume a docile job in Plato's structure of government under the standard of rulers, blue-bloods, or rationalist rulers. While examining with Adeimantus the temperance and purpose for a system initiated by rationalists, Plato doesn't illustrate men a lot more prominent than Machiavelli's bestial examination above. To be sure, he depicts them as without any problem influenced and not well educated by those from outside who don't have a place and have burst in like tanked revelers, mishandling each other and reveling a preference for quarreling (The Republic, 179). For Plato, the biggest greater part of men comprise unknowledgeable masses that oppress the very gathering that can best lead them, the savants. Indeed, even in a vote based system, a system dependent on the will of the individuals, Plato doesn't give us an especially hopeful perspective on men. This system is made out of three sorts of men as indicated by Plato; the large number; the oligarchic; and the men generally efficient essentially (The Republic, 243). The oligarchic standard the city through the permit of the large number, and the organized standard in business through the detriment of the large number. Consequently, Machiavelli considers the to be as oppressed and Plato sees the individuals as foolish, both destined to political clumsiness. With Locke, in any case, the character of the individuals is reclaimed. The individuals, for Locke, speak to a political force much the same as power. Surely, the individuals are a definitive wellspring of power for Locke's administration, regardless of whether that legislature is an authoritative body or a ruler. In the end section of his subsequent treatise, Locke subtleties the ways that legislature can disseminate when rulers abuse their capacity. The third way a ruler may break up the administration is the point at which he discretionarily changes the voters

Use of the Website and Social Media of Woolworths

Utilization OF WEBSITE AND SOCIAL MEDIA OF WOOLWORTHS LTD Woolworths Ltd is retailer so fundamental objective is to sell. Size of web based shopping expanded complex in most recent two decades. In present time in created nations, for example, Australia clients can purchase online nearly everything. On this base emerged the need to make another field of promoting †web showcasing and web based business. THE BASIC UTILITY AND USER-FRIENDLINESS OF THE FIRM’S WEBSITES From every one of the 32 divisions of Woolworths Ltd, 16 have sites. Likewise there is one site which has a place with Woolworths Limited and portrays venture as a whole.All sites satisfy various jobs. DIVISIONS| CHARACTERISTICS| Woolworths Limited| Customers can discover reports, media discharges, declarations, directorate and the board, data for financial specialists, qualities of methodologies and activities received by organization. http://www. woolworthslimited. com. au/phoenix. zhtml? c=144044&p=homepag e| AUSTRALIA| Woolworths | Woolworths is principle division of Woolworths Ltd. Presently, there are more than 700 stores in Australia which serve over 13mln clients consistently. Its site is the most evolved from all divisions.Customers can purchase online products by means of webpage, get data about exhibitions, utilize intelligent alternatives, store locator or leave input. http://www. woolworths. com. au/wps/wcm/associate/site/woolworths| Thomas Dux Grocery| Website gives just data about new coming items, advancements, plans and store locator. http://www. thomasdux. com. au/| BWS Beer Wine Spirits| Via this site clients may just discover data about kinds of liquor sold in stores, current proposals in stores. With the exception of from wines and brews in this wounds there is plausibility to purchase hard alcohol. ttp://www. beerwinespirits. com. au/| Dan Murphy’s| This is online shop where clients can purchase a wide range of liquor. Furthermore, clients get information abo ut offers and occasions. http://danmurphys. com. au/dm/home. jsp| Cellarmasters| Online shop †selling wines just (white, red and shining). Additionally gives data about hot arrangements and endowments. http://www. cellarmasters. com. au/| ALH Group| Website of Woolworths’ lodgings. Clients may discover data about organization, media discharges, settings, social obligations. http://www. alhgroup. com. u/| Caltex Woolworths/Safeway Petrol | Website has data about items, offers, rewards, gift vouchers, wellbeing issues, gas station locator. http://www. woolworthspetrol. com. au/home| Big W| Online shop (home and nursery, excellence and wellbeing, infant, gadgets, amusement, toys, sports and recreation) store locator, online index, and large deal in stores. Has connection to Facebook account. http://www. bigw. com. au/bigw/home. jsp| Dick Smith| Electronics online shop †TV and Video, Audio and Mp3, photography, PCs, printers and office, mobiles and remote, vehicle and G PS, gaming, home and security, kids technology.Customers can take favorable circumstances of online arrangements, store locator and connections to web based life sites (Facebook Twitter, YouTube). http://dicksmith. com. au/dsau/home. jsp| Masters Home Improvements| Website gives just data about new coming items, advancements, store locator and tips about design †Ideas and Inspirations. http://experts. com. au/| NEW ZEALAND| Countdown| Countdown satisfies a similar job as Woolworths in Australia †primary grocery store in New Zealand. Online shop, offers, stores, network, review of organization. http://www. commencement. co. z/| Super Value| Website gives data about current advancements, new discharges, outline of organization, tips about food and sustenance. http://www. supervalue. co. nz/| Fresh Choice| Website has a similar design as Super Value webpage †just hues are unique. Store varies from Super Value by more extensive scope of items (SV †accommodation store , FC †full-administration store). http://freshchoice. co. nz/| Dick Smith Electronics| Its site has a similar format and substance as Australian Dick Smith’ site. Online shop. http://www. dicksmith. co. nz/dsnz/home. jsp| INDIA|Croma| Website gives data about hardware items accessible in stores, unique offers and news and media. http://www. cromaretail. com/| Table shows there are two primary reasons for running site in the event of Woolworth’s divisions. One of them is to give data about items, current unique offers, and diagram of organization, media discharges and news, plans and tips which can be valuable to clients. It is utilized so the customer can get the data he needs before venturing out from home. Clients center around setting aside time and cash and contrasting proposals with pick the best one which would accommodate their needs.Companies understand that they should get serious in its segment to guarantee advertising achievement. Seven divisions have o nline retailers. It is a powerfully creating branch in retailer world. Internet shopping insights give full view regarding this matter. * 88% web clients attempt at least one web based business movement * 69% have bought one great or administration in most recent a half year * 1 out of 5 Australians do the greater part of their shopping on the web * Australian traffic to online retail locales: * eBay †5,576,000 interesting guests * Amazon †2,191,000 remarkable guests Woolworths †1,488,000 special guests * Average 15% development of web shopping each year since 2005 * Market portion of web shopping of 7% of all retail deals (14% development from a year ago) * Australian-based web based business deals †A$16. 9bln in 2009, A$33. 3bln in 2015 These realities achieve that web based shopping has lethargic potential which most organizations need to use to gain new clients. To be effective an organization must build up its site with the goal that it will be appealing to clients. This engaging quality is characterized as ease of use of the website.There are some regular attributes highlights which decide ease of use: access to webpage map, legitimate route structure, low recurrence of mistakes event, steady plan and format, get to webpage search apparatus, access to contact subtleties, simple language, web index neighborly, simple access to principle navigational connections in the page heading and footer and access to connections to web based life. There are likewise a lot more standards which makes sites ease of use. Following table shows utilization of these components on companies’ sites. †has highlight and is client friendlyX/+ †has include however isn't easy to understand X †doesn’t have highlight | Site map| Navigational structure| Low mistakes occurrence| Design and layout| Site search tool| Woolworths| X| +| +The best design| +| Thomas Dux Grocery| +/XBad visibility| X/+| X/+Poor design| +| BWS Beer Wine Spirits | +| X/+Poor design| X| Dan Murphy’s| X/+Bad visible| +| X/+Only for products| Cellarmasters| X| +| ALH Group| X/+Bad visible| +| X/+Old design style| X| Caltex Woolworths/Safeway Petrol| X/+Bad visible| +| X/+Old style style| +| Big W| X/+Bad visible| +| +|Dick Smith (AUS and NZ division)| X/+Bad visible| +| Masters Home Improvements| X| +| Countdown| X| +| X/+Not on home page| Super Value| X| +| X| Croma| X/+Bad visible| +| | Contact details| Easy language| Search motor friendliness| Navigational links| Social media links| Woolworths| +| +Facebook| Thomas Dux Grocery| +| X| BWS Beer Wine Spirits| +| X| Dan Murphy’s| X/+Bad visible| +| X| Cellarmasters| X/+Bad visible| +| X| ALH Group| +| X|Caltex Woolworths/Safeway Petrol| +prominent| +| X| Big W| X/+Bad visible| +| +Facebook| Dick Smith| X/+Bad visible| +| +Facebook, Twitter, YouTube| Masters Home Improvements| +| +Facebook, Twitter, YouTube| Countdown| X/+Bad visible| +| +Facebook, YouTube| Super Value| +| X| Croma | X/+Bad visible| +| X| The table shows that for the most part sites are easy to use. Frail focuses are rehashed in certain locales. The most widely recognized shortcoming is putting webpage guide and contact subtleties in awful noticeable area †for the most part in page footer.Second thing is poor and old style plan †PC realistic is very much evolved and sites ought to adjust new answer for increment engaging quality and significance of site. Littler retailers don't take part in web showcasing and web based business. They utilize just data work comparable to their clients. Different components turn out to be easily and web clients ought not have issues with route on the sites. Improvement for youngsters is the utilization of online life joins. Ease of use of the sites ought to be surveyed decidedly. Sites AND THE CUSTOMERSInternet sources declare different rankings and rundown of top online retailers. On the rundown of 60 most well known posting retailers there are 3 reta ilers have a place with Woolworths Ltd: #7 †Dick Smiths Electronics, #8 †Dan Murphy’s and #18 †Woolworths. Rundown of Australia’s top 10 online retailers from February 2011 contains 2 retailers: again Dick Smiths and Big W. Dick Smiths were on the rundown three years in the line so it shows how well running is the site. Configuration, updates and format of site urge clients to shopping on the web. Achievement of Big W is terrific in light of the fact that it began its movement on the Internet at tenth May 2010.The most straightforward approach to check costumers' opinion of organization is to follow discussions where they express their suppositions. There are monstrous quantities of individuals who purchase on the web and the vast majority of them don't whine about the nature of shopping on the Internet by means of its sites however gripe about time they need to hang tight for conveyance. Is it site shortcoming? Conveyance is next phase of web buy so pre sumably individuals who sort out work in distribution centers bear duty regarding defer time. References Communications report 2010â€11 arrangement Report 1 †E-trade marketp

Rochester

Rochester Rochester roch ´est?r, â€"ist?r [key]. 1 City (1990 pop. 70,745), seat of Olmsted co., SE Minn.; inc. 1858. It is a farm trade center, and its industries include printing and publishing, food processing, machinery, fabricated metal products, computers and electronic equipment, and construction materials. The city is famous as the home of the Mayo Clinic, the hospital complex that Charles Horace Mayo and William James Mayo developed from the clinic founded (1889) by their father, Dr. W. W. Mayo. A state mental hospital and a Bible college are also there. Rochester has a symphony orchestra; a municipal band; and museums of art, medical science, history, and antique vehicles. 2 City (1990 pop. 26,630), Strafford co., SE N.H., on the Cocheco River, near the Maine line; settled 1728, inc. as a city 1891. Manufactures include electronic equipment, apparel, metal products, and consumer goods. An annual agricultural fair has been held there since 1875. In Rochester are an art gallery and an antique aircraft museum. The Lake Winnipesaukee recreation area is nearby. 3 Industrial city (1990 pop. 231,636), seat of Monroe co., W N.Y., a port of entry on the Genesee River and Lake Ontario, in a rich fruit and truck farm region; inc. 1817. It is a leading center in the production of photographic, photocopying, optical, and dental equipment; process control and recording instruments; and thermometers. Several major manufacturers of these products have head offices there. Rochester also ranks high in the manufacture of electronics, machinery, transportation equipment, and metal and plastic products. The city's core businesses declined in the 1990s, but growth in computer and technology companies provided new jobs. The city is the seat of the Univ. of Rochester, Nazareth College of Rochester, the Rochester Institute of Technology (est. 1829), St. John Fisher College, and a theological seminary. The city's cultural features include the Rochester Philharmonic and the Eastman School of Music ensembles, the Rochester Museum of Art and Sciences (with a planetarium), the Memorial Art Gallery, the historical society, a zoo, and the Rundell Memorial Building, which houses the public library and an art gallery. Numerous parks and nurseries have earned Rochester the name Flower City. Permanent settlement by Col. Nathaniel Rochester and others began in 1812. The Erie Canal gave impetus to Rochester's growth; flour milling became the first important industry. Rochester was a stop on the Underground Railroad . Prominent residents have been Susan B. Anthony , who is buried in the Mount Hope Cemetery; Frederick Douglass ; and George Eastman . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Did Hitler Snub Jesse Owens at the Berlin Olympics

When he was competing, Ohio State track star  James  (â€Å"J.C.†Ã‚  Jesse)  Cleveland Owens  (1913-1980) was as famous and admired as Carl Lewis, Tiger Woods, or Michael Jordan are today. (1996 Olympic champ Carl Lewis has been called the â€Å"second Jesse Owens.†) Despite Jesse Owens athletic prowess, he faced racial discrimination when he returned to the US. But did this discrimination in his native land extend to his experience in Germany? The US and the 1936 Berlin Olympics Jesse Owens triumphed in Berlin, winning gold medals in the 100-meter, 200-meter, and  400-meter relays, as well as in the long jump. The  fact that American athletes competed in the 1936 Olympics at all is still considered by many to be a blotch on the history of the U.S. Olympic Committee. Germanys open discrimination against Jews and other â€Å"non-Aryans† was already public knowledge when many Americans opposed U.S. participation in the â€Å"Nazi Olympics.† Opponents to U.S. participation included the American ambassadors to Germany and Austria. But those who warned that Hitler and the Nazis would use the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin for propaganda purposes lost the battle to have the U.S. boycott the Berlin  Olympiade. Myths and Truth: Jesse Owens in German Hitler did shun a black American athlete at the 1936 Games. On the first day of the Olympics, just before Cornelius Johnson, an  African-American  athlete  who won the first gold medal for the U.S. that day, was to receive his award, Hitler left the stadium early. (The Nazis later claimed it was a previously scheduled departure.) Prior to his departure, Hitler had received a number of winners, but Olympic officials informed the German leader that in the future he must receive all of the winners or none at all. After the first day, he opted to acknowledge none. Jesse Owens had his victories on the second day, when Hitler was no longer in attendance. Would Hitler have snubbed Owens had he been in the stadium on day two? Perhaps. But since he wasnt there, we can only surmise. Which brings us to another Olympic myth. It is often stated that Jesse Owens four gold medals humiliated Hitler by proving to the world that Nazi claims of Aryan superiority were a lie. But Hitler and the Nazis were far from unhappy with the Olympic results. Not only did Germany win far more medals than any other country at the 1936 Olympics, but the Nazis had pulled off the huge public relations coup that Olympic opponents had predicted, casting Germany and the Nazis in a positive light. In the long run, Owens victories turned out to be only a minor embarrassment for Nazi Germany. In fact, Jesse Owens reception by the German public and the spectators in the Olympic stadium was warm. There were German cheers of â€Å"Yesseh Oh-vens† or just â€Å"Oh-vens† from the crowd. Owens was a true celebrity in Berlin, mobbed by autograph seekers to the point that he complained about all the attention. He later claimed that his reception in Berlin was greater than any other he had ever experienced, and he was quite popular even before the Olympics. â€Å"Hitler didnt snub me—it was [FDR] who snubbed me. The president didnt even send me a telegram.† ~Jesse Owens, quoted in  Triumph, a book about the 1936 Olympics by Jeremy Schaap. After the Olympics: Owens and Franklin D. Roosevelt Ironically, the real snubs of Owens came from his own president and his own country. Even after ticker-tape parades for Owens in New York City and Cleveland, President Franklin D. Roosevelt never publicly acknowledged Owens achievements. Owens was never invited to the White House and never even received a letter of congratulations from the president. Almost two decades passed before another American president, Dwight D. Eisenhower, honored Owens by naming him â€Å"Ambassador of Sports† — in 1955. Racial discrimination prevented Jesse Owens from enjoying anything close to the huge financial benefits that athletes can expect today. When Owens came home from his success in Nazi Germany, he received no Hollywood offers, no endorsement contracts, and no ad deals. His face didnt appear on cereal boxes. Three years after his victories in Berlin, a failed business deal forced Owens to declare bankruptcy. He made a modest living from his own sports promotions, including racing against a thoroughbred horse. After moving to Chicago in 1949, he started a successful public relations firm. Owens was also a popular jazz disc jockey for many years in Chicago. Some True Jesse Owens Stories In Berlin, Owens competed wearing track shoes made by the  Gebrà ¼der Dassler Schuhfabrik, a German company. The Dassler brothers later split into two firms, known as  Adidas  and Puma.In 1984, the Berlin street known as  Stadionallee  (Stadium boulevard), south of the Olympic stadium in Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, was renamed  Jesse-Owens-Allee. Owens widow Ruth and his three daughters attended the dedication ceremonies on March 10 as guests of the German government. A memorial plaque for Owens is also located at the  Olympiastadion.The Jesse-Owens-Realschule/Oberschule (secondary school) is in Berlin-Lichtenberg.Despite his stardom, Owens received no scholarship money from Ohio State University. He had to work as an elevator operator, waiter, and gas station attendant to support himself and his wife.Two U.S.  postage stamps  have been issued to honor Owens, one in 1990 and another in 1998.Jesse Owens was born in Danville, Alabama on Sept. 12, 1913. His family mov ed to Cleveland when he was nine. In 1949 the Owens settled in Chicago. His grave is in Chicagos Oak Woods Cemetery.Owens became a heavy smoker following his athletic days. He died of lung cancer in Phoenix, Arizona on March 31, 1980.

Women s Reproductive Rights Essay - 1199 Words

Corah Hauser Miss Windish English II 3 October 2017 Women’s Reproductive Rights What if a sixteen year old decided to apply to adopt a child? She’d be denied that from the get-go, right? Of course, she’s way too young, not nearly mature enough, can’t support herself on her own, etc. If all of this is true, then why should a sixteen year old rape victim have to raise a child she didn’t plan for? Even women who aren’t ready to start a family or any other reason, shouldn’t have to. All women deserve true information and the access to safe and legal abortions. The case of Roe v. Wade is basically what started the political side of things. In 1969 a divorced Norma McCorvey was seeking abortion for an unwanted pregnancy. At this time, it†¦show more content†¦This benefitted the US in that it was more available to women in need. The downfall was that it brought about a division in the public. Many states are still restricting the availability of abortion even after this ruling because of how hard the pro-life group is working to overturn it (Bailey 5). Pro-life groups can view abortion as murder. Since the cells of the fetus in the very beginning of the pregnancy are technically living things, they can be considered â€Å"alive.† (Should Abortion be Legal?) While these cells are technically alive, they are still completely dependent on the mother for absolutely everything. The cells couldn’t develop at all if it weren’t in the uterus. â€Å"Human life in its fullest sense includes the ability to exist as a separate being and to be conscious - aware of one’s surroundings and to be able to think, feel, and respond to them.† (Bailey 6) The decision to terminate the pregnancy should be decided well before the point where the fetus could survive outside of the uterus besides in the extreme cases. It’s also argued that everyone can prevent pregnancy. Sure, the only way to really do this is to practice abstinence, but not everyone chooses to do this. Some who are otherwise abstinent can’t control rape. The victim isn’t at fault and should have every right to terminate that unwanted pregnancy. Some who don’t practice abstinence could still be at a disadvantage. With Planned Parenthood centers being shut down and poor sexual educationShow MoreRelatedPro Choice Vs. Abortion1298 Words   |  6 Pagesthe women’s movements started in the early 1970’s, a question sometimes asked is that, if part of the population are so pro-life and worry about protecting a fetus, how come when the child is conceived they suddenly bash at you for having that unwanted child anyways, and that is hypocritical. 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IPV is recognized as a major public health threat and a significant social issue. IPV is observed as one of the world’s most serious human rights concerns due to its widespread. As exemplified by New Zealand legislation the Domestic Violence Act 1995 considers IPV to constitute a category of family violence. According t o the Act, IPV involves an individual committing violence against anotherRead MoreBirth Control And Reproductive Rights1513 Words   |  7 PagesIn the early 1900 s Margaret Sanger revolutionized the lives of women forever by securing the rights of women to control their own fertility and the rights of a child to be wanted. Today we take birth control for granted and it is indeed a right that we give little or no thought too therefore It is difficult to imagine Sangers struggle to introduce birth control and reproductive rights in the U.S.A as being fraught with controversy and causing her to be pursued as a criminal. 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Lead and Manage a Team Within a Health and Social Care Setting Free Essays

The features of effective team performance are set out in Brian Tuckman’s phases of team development theory, ‘Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing. ’ This outlines the phases that a team will go through in order to become effective and reach maturity. At the ‘Forming’ stage of team development individual roles and responsibilities are unclear and each member of the team is concerned to avoid conflict with each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Lead and Manage a Team Within a Health and Social Care Setting or any similar topic only for you Order Now From this point the team will go through the ‘Storming’ phase which is when they start to conflict as individuals put forward ideas which will be challenged by others in a bid to gain power and position over others. After this the ‘Norming’ phase follows and it is at this point that individual roles are defined and accepted and ground rules and conduct are agreed. After each of these stages the team then reaches the ‘Performing’ stage which is where they are all working towards the same shared goal. This theory shows that for all teams to be effective each individual needs to be clear on their role, responsibilities and shared end goal. This is achieved through positive leadership, utilising the skills of the team and addressing weaknesses to make the team more effective. The challenges experienced by developing teams are often due to organisational change. Staff may be resistant to change such as moving to join a new team or working with people they do not know. A health and social care organisation needs to identify the skills and knowledge that are required for the service plan and recruit staff according to this to ensure that the diversity and skill mix needed is met to fulfil the service outcome. Newly appointed staff should complete an induction that ensures they understand and comply with the organisations values and objectives and their role and support systems should be clarified as quickly as possible to ensure they can contribute as quickly and effectively as possible to the team. An established team experiences different challenges to a developing team. They may have more difficulty maintaining staff enthusiasm and momentum. To overcome these challenges the organisation needs to be aware of changes to workload and conflict between individuals to resolve issues quickly before they impact on other staff and then service users. Also feedback should be given to staff in order for them to maintain or improve performance levels and recognition should be expressed for good work to maintain a high level of staff morale. Once momentum is built then it is easier to maintain and helps staff to remain enthusiastic and continue o communicate and trust their colleagues and manage their time efficiently and keeps them orientated to the important work tasks. Challenges to effective team performance can be overcome by the organisation being clear about the values and objectives in relation to staff and service users and communicating these and the time frame in which these are expected to be achieved. Support should be given to those who are capable of sharing the organisations objectives so they can become committed to ensuring that the service outcomes are met. If this is not done then it can be difficult to maintain effective team working. Dawes and Handscomb performed a review on team leadership in 2005 and suggested that these difficulties stemmed from competing professional interests. In different settings they reviewed the relationship between team working and care outcomes and it was found that within a long term care setting the care outcomes required effective team working to be met. It is considered that management styles can be divided into three categories. * Autocratic- characterised by individual control over all decisions and little input from group members. Paternalistic- a type of fatherly managerial style typically employed by dominant males where their organizational power is used to control and protect subordinate staff that are expected to be loyal and obedient. * Democratic- a style in which members of the group take a more participative role in the decision making process. A leader can be anyone who has the ability to influence other members of a team. It is considered that a manager and a leader are different but they are complementary to tasks being carried out. Management styles will change to reflect the stage of development the workforce’s stage of development. When starting a new team a manager will have to be clear about setting goals, establishing rules and assigning responsibility and then taking on the more troublesome tasks of organising resources, motivating and creating a cooperative team. As the team develops then roles can be delegated and appropriate support provided. Doing this enables the team to become more confident and the style of management and leadership changes so team members begin to take on more leadership functions. The primary focus of a leader is to develop and maintain trust between the service user and the staff. The service user will look at the staff to establish with them character and competence. If these two characteristics are met then this develops trust with the service user. Character relates to motive and intent, whether the staff are working towards the same objectives. Competence relates to skills and results, whether the staff are able to care for the service user and meet the objective set by the organisation. Staff that are registered with professional bodies have accountability and are answerable for their actions. They are accountable by law for meeting the standards and objectives that are set out for them. Even when staff are working towards a common goal, conflict can still arise. This can be due to different personalities, communication styles, sense of priorities and changes to workload. Trying to prevent conflict is best practice so a manager should try to build an environment that is supportive, positive and stable to try and reduce the likelihood of conflict developing. If conflict does develop then a manager should try to: * Address it at the earliest opportunity. * Keep the discussions positive. Look at what can be done to resolve the conflict. * Encourage the team to focus on the problem, not the person. Encourage honest dialogue between the team, welcoming different points of view that do not create blame. Each individual should be allowed to voice their point of view and also listen to and respect each other’s views. * Ask each individual to accept ownership of their part of the problem. * Discuss a variety of options before settling on an agreement that is based on o bjective criteria that will resolve the conflict. Conflict does not always necessarily have to be a bad thing, as if it is dealt with constructively, can lead to increased productivity, development of new ideas and personal development of team members. How to cite Lead and Manage a Team Within a Health and Social Care Setting, Papers

Sack Sentence Test Sample free essay sample

The Sacks sentence completion test is a semi-structured test consisting of 60 incomplete phrases/sentences. The test typically provides respondents with the beginnings of sentences, referred to as stems; and respondents then complete the sentences in ways that are meaningful to them. III BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATIONS Charmaine answered the test nicely and with confident. Though I observed that she was a little shy because I was looking at her work every time. She was a little uncomfortable because of her look. IV RELEVANT HISTORY/PERSONAL BACKGROUND Family History Charmaine, the 3rd youngest daughter of Yolanda Manliclic and Pedro Reyes. She has a big family with 7 siblings and her family is a happy family. Despite of any problems that they are having in their everyday lives, they can still not forgot to pray and thanks God for all of it. Though, they are not that rich and they can’t get anything that they want, this family is industrious that they have a dignity in their selves and courage to help other people when they need them even in a simple help. We will write a custom essay sample on Sack Sentence Test Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her Father is a farmer and her Mother is only at home taking care of them. Her father is such a industrious person because he gives all that he can give to her family to be happy and he always finds a way to make find a good job in any way he can. Charmaine has a sister and she is currently working as a sales lady in a mall near to their place. V Medical History Charmaine had normal prenatal. She is a normal person without a hard disease. She doesn’t have any serious illness feelings in her body since she was child except when she had chicken fox and she got to be on the hospital because she cannot take the irritableness that she feels in her body. All in all after that, she never get in to hospitals. Prior Educational History Shiela finished high school at Putlod National High School Jaen Nueva Ecija. She has not repeated or skipped any grades. VI IMPRESSIONS Charmaine was a good examiner. I never saw her felt uncomfortable in her look while she was answering the questions. She was comfortable in any ways she can. Though at times, she felt conscious about how she will answer the other questions there because she thought that I will read them after. She was laughing every time she answer the questions and she seemed so enjoy. VII CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Charmaine has a low confidence when it comes to the guilt and fears that she was feeling every day. I can say that she can still do more and gain more and more if she only put her confidence more on track. She has a lot of dreams in her life that she wants to achieve but she can’t find a way to reach them. I recommend Charmaine to gain more confidence and show other people that she can do better that she thought she can’t. She was a little disturbed when it comes to her working Father and she feel so sad to see her Father work so hard just for them. I know she wanted to help her family in any way she can. I hope one day, or soon she can find a good job to help her Family.

Free Essays on Giving Words Life

to show a change in the storyteller’s tone. The lullaby she sings to the old man at the end is written in italics. When Si... Free Essays on Giving Words Life Free Essays on Giving Words Life Leslie Marmon Silko is a Laguna Pueblo Indian who has written many stories of how Indian life and the lives of ‘white’ people have interconnected. Silko does not adhere to a specific style of writing, such as MLA because she feels that it takes away from what she is trying to say. However, she does have a way of pulling the reader into her stories and holding their attention. Silko tells the stories that her ancestors have told for centuries. They gather in groups and each member who knows the story adds what they remember. The act of storytelling is what Silko attempts to recreate in her stories. Through the use of word structure Silko wants the reader to hear and feel the tone and speed of the storyteller behind the story. In the first story, â€Å"Lullabyâ€Å", Leslie Silko tells the story of an Indian woman’s struggle to survive in her land that has been invaded by ‘white’ people. Ayha, is a strong willed woman who overcomes great emotional obstacles. Her husband dies, her children are taken away, and her new husband losses his job and spends their government check on alcohol. They end up sleeping outside in the cold every night sharing a blanket that her first husband, Jimmie, gave to her. Silko uses dashes and italicizing throughout her paragraphs to mark changes in the storytellers approach to telling the story. The first being the dash, Silko writes: â€Å"Jimmie’s blanket - the one he had sent to her† (Lullaby 1138). The storyteller at this point is giving the reader an object or an idea and then explaining it further. The reader can relate to this because when storytellers tell a story, they sometimes stop and explain themselves. It’s a kind of pause to explain to make sure the listeners understand and are following. The second device that Silko uses is to italicize words to show a change in the storyteller’s tone. The lullaby she sings to the old man at the end is written in italics. When Si...

Parley and Parlay

Parley and Parlay Parley and Parlay Parley and Parlay By Maeve Maddox Suzanne Raymer has suggested a post on parley versus parlay. Both words may be used as either noun or verb. As a noun, parley can mean speech or conversation. Its most common use is to mean speech between opposing sides, a conference with an enemy to discuss terms. As a verb it means to discuss terms, or hold discussion with. Parlay is a betting term. As a noun, it means a cumulative series of bets. The winnings of subsequent bets are bet again. As the bettor continues to win, the gains continue to increase. As a verb, parlay means to use the winnings from a previous bet to make another bet. Parley [prlÄ“] is from French parler, to speak. Parlay [prlÄ ] comes from French parole which comes from Italian parole, words, promises. Parlay entered English in 1701 as a term in the card game faro. The gambling term took on the meaning to exploit to advantage in 1942. Uses of parlay: David Lusterman parlayed a $10000 investment into a company with $1.2 million in revenues Witness Bill Blount parlayed political skills into a mega-dollar business She parlayed a $350 investment into a multi-million dollar business†¦ Uses of parley: Governors seek fresh parley with teachers German politicians plan June parley with Hamas minister For the moment they are parleying with the kings brother-in-law Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Slang Terms for MoneyConnotations of 35 Words for Funny People20 Criminal Terms You Should Know

Biography of an American Public Activist Elizabeth Birch Essay

Biography of an American Public Activist Elizabeth Birch - Essay Example In 1992, as she narrates in her interview, Lotus Development Company had extended their services for the provision of domestic partner benefits; an initiative that she thought would highlight the company’s commitment to its employees, who she believed deserved the same. She contends that as the attorney for gay employees, she felt conflicted on whether she could stand by the gay people and still maintain professionalism as an advocate. This was because in Apple Inc there was normal grassroots process within which employees were building cases for domestic partner benefits. The experience of this woman offers the exact case in regards to how gays were being viewed by the majority or some of the individuals in the state. This then offers an analytical basis of stating the perception and the stereotypes held at the time. Elizabeth narrates that once employees were to provide the cases for the domestic partner benefits they built their cases and sent it to the human resource depar tment. This, she notes, was the undoing of the Apple gay and lesbian community as the human resource department came up with excuses of how not to implement such. Some of the excuses were that for the implementation of such to take place, it would cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. The consequences of this were highlighted by the rejection by Apple’s board of directors. This decision enraged Elizabeth who notes that since she was well known worldwide as the advocate for the gay and lesbian and for providing institutions and municipalities with advice regarding the implementation of sexual non-discrimination policies and domestic partner benefits, the move by the Apple board of directors was unacceptable and was in contradiction with what she believed.  

The Congo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Congo - Essay Example The independence did not solve all the problems of Congo, and problems started arising in the province of Katanga, which was enriched with mines. The province was under the control of Moise Tshombe, who in July 1960 supported the Belgium mercenaries and the Belgium Mining company named Union Minere. After having this support, he declared Kantanga independence. Due to this treachery to the Congo government, Lumumba requested United Nations to look into the matter and resolve all the upcoming issues and probable Civil War. The Lumumba's government requested UN military assistance "to protect the national territory of the Congo against the present external aggression which is a threat to international peace." There was no request to restore internal stability. However, Secretary-General Hammarskjold recommended to the Security Council the establishment of a peace-keeping force to assist the government of the Congo in maintaining law and order until, with technical assistance from the UN, the Congolese national security forces were able to meet these tasks. The Security Council authorized the Secretary-General to take the necessary steps for this purpose and called on Belgium to withdraw its troops from the territory. Thus began what, until the operation in Cambodia, was the largest UN peacekeeping operation (reaching a peak of 20,000 troops plus a large civilian corps) and one with a profound influence on internal developments in a member state. The Secretary-General was fully aware of the sensitivity of the action that the UN was undertaking in the Congo, both in terms of the attitudes of the foreign countries having a strong interest in the course of events in the Congo, and of the resistance of the Congolese government to any seeming. UN Peace Keeping Mission in Congo -Congo Crisis (MONUC) The secretary-general thus faced a government clearly desperately searching for assistance, and the possibility that outside powers might fill the resulting vacuum if the UN did not. Acting under Article 99 of the charter for the first time in the organization's history, the secretary-general called for a Security Council meeting to discuss the issue. In doing so, Hammarskjold set in motion the UN involvement in the Congo. That involvement took the form of an operation that, until the 1990s, was the largest UN peacekeeping operation on record. It was also an involvement that prompted a crisis so deep and an experience so devastating for the United Nations that once the UN operation in the Congo was officially over the UN did its best not only to put the experience behind it but also to forget it altogether. The willingness to use force in the Congo was a first for the United Nations and it came in the early days of UN experience with peacekeeping. Some of the logistical and communication problems associated with the operation, therefore, can be attributed to a general lack of experience and procedures. Command and control problems, for example, such as those associated with the final unexpected push into Jadotville that surprised UN headquarters, fall into this category. It remains possible, though, that the Jadotville example, like the murky background to Operation Morthor, is an example of a disconnect between decision making in the field and decision making at UN headquarters, either

What Drives Conflict Fragile States Greed Or Creed Politics Essay

What Drives Conflict Fragile States Greed Or Creed Politics Essay Under what conditions if any can Greed, Grievance and Creed be said to steer conflict in fragile states? The concept of fragile states has become very noticeable and that it is being related first and foremost to the United States national security doctrine of September 2002 and the assumed right to intervene preemptively as in Iraq has rightly turned many into skeptics toward this new consensus. It must be said, however, that while there are considerable reasons for that concern, the issues it raises are real. Greed, Grievance and Creed are concepts that seem to be basic in todays conflict. With the end of Cold War bipolarity this is a question that has become of significant importance, prompted by the increasingly visible self-financing nature of rebel movements within intrastate conflicts (Ballentine Sherman, 2003) State failure presents a genuine threat to the international system of globalization, partly, because the system derives its existence based on states and partly, because state failure is the primary cause of armed conflict, civil war, and the everyday threats to the security of people living within the territory of such states. Recent arguments and evidence suggest that fragile states are rooted in causes that reflect a combination of greed and grievance (Collier, 2000). The more widely accepted explanations generally focus on the grievance dimension, which assumes some form of resource or political deprivation (eg. Gurr, 1970; 2000). The greed explanation on the other hand assumes that rebels act in pursuit of self-interest material gain. Oil, diamonds, timber, precious stones and other primary commodities form the basis of the contestable resources over which rebels fight their governments. The term greed, moreover, serves as a convenient appellation to describe self-interested be haviour and the resources available to pay selective benefits. In effect, a strong resource base serves as a mechanism for mobilization Grievance-based issues are at the core of the process that leads to civil conflict in fragile states, but greed becomes salient when the rebel leadership begins to face a difficult task of motivating soldiers. In effect, grievance leads to collective behaviour, but defection is always a problem so rebel leaders resort to selective benefits that tap into self-interested behaviour. That is, since preferences of the leadership and soldiers generally differ, the leaders must pay selective benefits to keep rebel soldiers from defecting. This is made easier when extractable resources are contested and controlled by rebel forces. The most visible instances currently involve Sub-Saharan African countries trading in easily extractable diamonds, but the opiate trade in Asia and South America also reflects this role of exploitable resources as one mechanism fo r fuelling conflict. My argument proceeds as follows. First, I would ground this discussion in a general body of literature, for which the greed explanation provides a small but influential component. Next, present a theoretical framework from which to think about the role of self interested versus collective behaviour in conflict of fragile states and also showing other mechanisms affecting greed. I would also discuss the theories of greed and grievance and their effects on fragile states. Greed theorists (Collier 2000; Giuliano 2006) contend that grievances do not affect the probability of conflict as grievances are a constant factor in ethnic conflicts and thus have no explanatory power. So, although this essay offers no direct support of the greed hypothesis they do, indirectly challenge their contention that grievances can be ignored as a contributing factor in explaining the decision of ethnic groups to move to violence to achieve their political goals. GRIEVE VERSUS GRIEVIANCE The greed versus grievance dichotomy is a useful entry point into the debate about the causes of conflict in fragile states. In certain instances, where there are substantial quantities of capturable natural resource and wealth present such as alluvial diamonds, oil or drugs, greed may be the dominant factor prolonging conflict, but without group formation (for which some historical grievances are important) violent collective action cannot take place. In short, grievances can be present without greed, but it is difficult to sustain greedy motives without some grievances. Although greed and grievance are regarded as competing views, they may be complementary, as greed may lead to grievances and vice versa. The greed or grievance explanations (or some hybrid form of both) may be necessary for the outbreak of civil war, but arguably they are not sufficient. This is because the causes contribute to the risk of conflict, yet some societies despite having conditions pre-disposing them to civil war, such as horizontal inequality, polarisation and natural resource rents, do not descend into conflict. I argue that for the forces behind either greed or grievance to take the form of large-scale violence there must be other factors at work. GRIEVIANCES AND CREED AS CONFLICT DRIVERS Greed generates grievances and rebellion, legitimising further greed (Keen 2008: 32) Grievance borne of deprivation is an individual concern that manifests itself collectively. In the context of conflict or rebellion, grievance is sometimes described as a justice-seeking motivation. The discussion in this section on grievances begins with grievance based theories of conflict before moving on to measurement issues. THE THEORY OF GRIEVIANCE The grievance approach contends that the probability that an ethnic group will resort to violence can be explained by the level of aggravation/relative deprivation they feel toward their wider society. There are two components to grievance; underlying and proximate. Underlying grievance level is a function of several contextual factors including level of autonomy; conditions compared to those under the previous regime; ability to express anger or dissatisfaction; and satisfaction on other issues. Proximate grievance is a function of the issue triggering the current crisis. Issues that threaten a groups ability to freely express their identity are theorized to generate greater frustration and thus aggression than issues that are less central, or salient. Central to grievances are identity and group formation. An individuals utility may be related to his identity, specifically the relative position of the group he identifies with in the social pecking order; see Akerlof and Kranton (2000). An individual may derive utility from certain normative forms of behaviour appropriate to his identity but considered deviant by other groups, and may even face sanctions from like-minded group members if he deviates from them. This type of behavioural paradigm may be related to solving the collective action problems (Olson, 1965), without which organised large-scale violence is impossible, even if we believe conflict is primarily motivated by greed. As noted earlier, some appropriate definition of ethnicity may be a superior basis for group formation compared to social class in an ethnically homogenous society. This essay classifies theories of grievance into relative deprivation, polarization and horizontal inequality but focuses on relative deprivation. While it is important to differentiate them, some overlap amongst the three definitions is inevitable. RELATIVE DEPRIVATION The notion of relative deprivation dates back to the work of Ted Gurr (1970) who defines it as the discrepancy between what people think they deserve, and what they actually believe they can get; in short the disparity between aspirations and achievements. Thus, educational achievements may raise the aspirations of young people, but they will become frustrated if unemployed, occasionally venting their feelings in mass political violence. Gurr puts forward the following hypothesis, the potential for collective violence varies strongly with the intensity and scope of relative deprivation among members of a collectivity (p.24). This lays down the notion of relative deprivation as the micro-foundation for conflict. Relative deprivation is considered to be a major cause of internal conflicts, civil wars as well as sectarian and routine violence. The applications vary across ethno-communal lines, regional boundaries, societal class, or just the feeling of being relatively deprived vis-à   -vis the general situation. In the eastern Indonesian province of Maluku, the traditionally privileged Christians group felt relatively deprived against the rising Muslim community economically and politically, which resulted in the bloodiest Muslim-Christian conflict in the countrys history (Tadjoeddin, 2003). Similar statements centring on unemployment could be made about the Catholic-Protestant cleavage in Northern Ireland. In Nepal, the lack of development in remote rural districts of the country fuelled the Maoist insurgency (Murshed and Gates, 2005). Another type of violence can be described as routine. Tadjoeddin and Murshed (2007) examine the socio-economic origins of this type of violence in Java, Indonesia. It is centred on vigilante violence/popular justice and inter-group/neighbourhood brawls. Routine violence covers group or collective violence, and it is different from individual violence, domestic violence, or homicide-which can simply be labelled as crime. The theoretical underpinnings for routine violence are similar to those utilised to explain mass political violence short of internal war in Hibbs (1973). Using panel data analysis of count data, Tadjoeddin and Murshed (2007) examine the relationship between routine violence on one hand, and growth, poverty, and level of development (including education) on the other hand. The relationships between violence and the levels of education and income are non-linear in the form of inverted-U-shape curves. The reason for this is as follows: starting from low levels of averag e income and educational attainment, when this rise slightly there is much to compete over and quarrel about; this tendency, however, declines with further increases in income and education, as there is much more to lose from violence and as such, grievance begins to build up. Another explanation is the feeling of being relatively deprived since rising education is not automatically followed by rising income. The roots of revolution, conflict and civil war is the misdistribution of resources within society that affects disproportionately particular communities of people. In effect, deprivation writ large borders on a necessary condition for conflict, though deprivation is not a sufficient condition. Lichbach (1994:389) captures this notion of individual motivation by articulating what scholars see as several truths of peasant upheavals: 1) Peasants are unconcerned with broad purposes, philosophical systems, political theories, and the likes; 2) Peasant grievances are specific and well defined, limited and local; 3) Peasant actions are designed to satisfy material self interest, and therefore; 4) Peasants willà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ participate in collective action when they stand to gain particularistic benefits. The rebel elite, on the other hand, are willing to risk more, but also portend to gain more if they are successful even if success entails a compromise outcome. That is, their motivation for leading a rebellion will be more in line with altering the material and political resources of a collective people over self interested accumulation. In effect, in pursuit of this broad goal the rebel elite will organize those for whom the deprivation is personal, and when necessary pay selective benefit to keep rebel soldiers in the fold. Put differently, grievances are not socially constructed by rebel entrepreneurs (Collier, 2000), but instead lie at the core of the motivation to organize in response to the maldistribution of resources, such as land (Midlarsky, 1988) income (eg. Muller and Seligison, 1987), or political access. Initially, such involvement brings with it very little cost. However, as the state begins to respond to what it perceives as a threat, costs will be incurred at the individual level (Regan and Henderson, 2002; Gartner and Regan, 1996). As the cost of protest or rebellion increase a rational individual will look to defect from the movement, unless the rebel leader can find a way to counterbalance the costs by way of selective benefits. As the opposition movement germinates the requirements of the selective benefits can be rather low, but as the threat to the state increases, so does the level of repression and subsequently the demands by rebel soldiers for selective side payments. That is, there is a distinction between the onset of protest and the onset of higher levels of civil conflict. Mobilization may be a necessary condition for civil conflict but non-violent protest and violent rebellion are distinct. This is evident in the data on Minorit ies at Risk (Gurr, 2000). Because initial mobilization may carry minimal cost, grievances may well be sufficient to motivate the disaffected to participate in protest activities. In economic terms the cost of rebel labour is low because the size of the potential labour pool is large. However, the costs associated with full scale conflict or civil war are such that only the provision of selected benefits that outweigh the costs imposed by the state for participation can spur an individual to remain committed to the cause, and protection may be the most important side payment (eg. Heath et al,2000). Mason (1996; and with Heath et al, 2000) poses the question of when the non-elite will support the rebels or the government. Presumably each individual has the option of whether to lend support to one side or both sides, or neither sides, and that choice is predicted on maximizing their utility for a given level of effort. Three factors usually influence the conditions under which non-elite support a rebel movement: anticipated benefits, costs, and estimates of the likelihood that support for one group would be detected by the other. In the latter instance the costs are incurred when participation is detected. Using a maximization model analogy to the choice between paying or evading taxes, Mason demonstrates that when there are public benefits from rebel participation (ie, non-excludable), then rebel support will be largely a function of the fear of punishment if their support is detected (1996:70). When fear of detection is high the rebel leadership must resort to paying selective benefits (excludable). However, when the rebels control a specific region and rebel soldiers can be adequately protected, selective benefits can be reduced in proportion to the amount of protection offered by the rebels. Protection comes primarily in the form of shielding participants from the political repression meted out by the state, such that as the state increases repression more people will mobilize around the rebel cause in order to avoid the abuse at the hands of the state. The general arguments present a picture of a group that seeks redress from its absolute or relative level of deprivation, most often a result of formal or informal government policies to channel resources in particular patterns. This distribution of resources or maldistribution increases the incentives for the non-elite to support the elite who are organizing an armed challenge to state authority. But rebel soldiers act rationally and only support a movement when they expect to gain materially from participation. Absent a strong philosophical attraction to the rebel movement the soldiers will be motivated most directly by the provision of both excludable and non-excludable benefits. Both the state and the rebel- elite campaign for the support of the masses by providing a mix of protection, punishment and benefits. My argument suggests that the importance of economic incentives, or at the extreme, greed, depends on two factors: the level of repression a state administers toward suspected rebels, and the amount of protection the rebel movement can provide the individual. When repression is high the individual will be more concerned with protection, thereby decreasing the importance of economic concerns. In effect the excludable good provided by the rebel elite is protection against acts of violence perpetrated by the state. However, as coercion by the government decreases, concerns over protection gives way to those of income with the result that the individual participant must be paid for by means of some other excludable good, which we might think about in terms of income paid for their labour. The escalation from political protest to civil violence, conflict or war is a function of the actions and reactions of the rebels and the state, and I can argue that, it follows an identifiable sequence (Moore, 2000; 1998). As grievances lead to opposition against state policies, political entrepreneurs begin to mobilize opposition supporters. The state response is to try to minimize mobilization through efforts at coercion or concession (Bayan, 2002; Regan and Henderson, 2002). As the state gets more coercive the rebel entrepreneurs have a greater opportunity to provide protection to potential supporters, possibly in spite of not being able to offer economic incentives comparable to those offered by the state (Heath et al 2000). Initially the opposition may adopt non-violent means, but as the opposition grows it will press for greater demands or concessions from the state, in part because their ability to do so has increased, but also because their constituency will reflect a wider spectrum. As the state responds with increasing repression the level of violence moves from protest to rebellion, and possibly to civil war (Gurr, 2000). From this framework we articulate a series of testable premises: 1: The greater the level of inequality the higher will be the probability of observing the onset of protest, rebellion, and conflict in fragile states. Since the ability to provide excludable or non-excludable benefits sufficient to secure the support of the masses will be partially a function of the level of discontent at the status quo position, the lower the level of absolute or relative level of penury political or material the greater the marginal utility of each increment of a public or private benefit. Therefore potential rebels can be mobilized more easily when the pre-conflict status quo position provides for a rather low level of utility. This would be reflected in the wealth of the country that is distributable (per capita GDP) and the degree to which it is distributed equitably (GINI). 2: Higher levels of political repression will decrease the likelihood of the onset of protest, but increase rebellion and civil war. Conflicts in fragile states do not emerge wholly from the wellspring of discontent, but rather move from lower levels of unrest toward large-scale violence and war. Recruitment and mobilization are critical. The ability to recruit and organize rebel soldiers will be a function of the degree of protection that can be provided in return for support, or conversely, the level of random punishment meted out by the government. Initially repression will help to dissuade potential protesters from participation, but people involved in violent forms of rebellion will respond differently to government repression. When the opposition engages in violence high levels of state repression will lead potential rebel supporters to conclude that the probability of punishment is high and approaching certainty. Under these conditions potential supporters will join the moveme nt in pursuit of protection from random punishment by the state. 3: However, given the lower cost for participation in protest activity extractable resources will have no effect on the onset of protest. The ability to pay private selective benefits only to those who participate in the rebel movement is vitally important to a movements viability. In general the government will have greater access to resources with which to pay selective benefits, even though they may choose to attempt to stifle participation through repression. In order for the rebel elite to compete with the state in providing private benefits they must obtain access to resources. Localized and easily extractable resources provide the most efficient means to generate income. Once or if they acquire access to exploitable resources these can be converted into private benefits that increase the incentives for the soldiers to maintain loyalty. The greater the ability to pay these selective benefits the more loyal the rebel soldiers and the more difficult is the task facing the state in trying to offer its own array of private benefits. The abundance of resources is only one factor highlighted by Collier and Hoeffler. The ability of a rebellion to recruit soldiers also plays a key role in making a conflict a feasible undertaking: other things equal, we might expect that the proportion of young men in a societyaged between 15-24 would be a factor influencing the feasibility of rebellion: the greater the proportion of young men, the easier it would be to recruit rebels (Collier 1999: 3). Colliers later work also emphasised the feasibility or opportunity argument over rebel motivations (or grievances), insofar that insurgent movements can only emerge and be sustained when resources are available to finance them (Aspinall 2007). Critics of Collier have argued that his position goes some way to reinforcing the World Banks mandate (Collier was employed by the World Bank at the time). As Mark Duffield (2001: 132-134) emphasises, usefully the only grievance of any relevance is rapid economic decline: in other words, poor economic management. CREED AS A CONFLICT DRIVER Soysa (2001) noted that Creed-related conflicts seem to be more prevalent in highly homogenous religious settings, particularly within largely Islamic and Catholic countries. If there is a clash of civilizations, it is much likely that it is politics rather than civilization. Zartman (2000) sees Creed itself as a need whereby everyone wants to feel some level of identity, through identifying with strong views and/or belief systems. Such needs vary according to the entity and environment, the latter being a social trend of greater significance to the current argument than the former. Individuals have a superior need to know who they are in some circumstances than in others. Three such conditions have a predominantly significant impact on the need for identity: rapid or profound change, breakdown of other identities, and discrimination. Zartman(2000) also notes that when deprivation sets in, it results in identity based conflict as collective needs for identity turns deprivation into discrimination. In addition to this insecurity sets in and eventually breeds grievance in the group. In other words, Creed is an extension of Grievance. It can be argued that creed-based rebellions may be circumvented by when governments channel resources wealth in such a way as to guarantee equitable distribution of resources or wealth. THE THEORY OF GREED Greed in this study is, defined as the predatory aspiration of rebels to grasp material wealth through illegal means short of subjective perceptions of relative deprivation. The greed motivation behind conflict has been popularised by empirical work on the causes of conflicts and war where a cross-section of conflicts in different nations is analyzed together econometrically, and greed is understudied by the availability or abundance of capturable natural resource rents. In Collier and Hoeffler (2004) conflicts stem from the greedy behaviour of a rebel group in organising an insurgency against the government. Greed is about opportunities faced by the rebel group. The opportunities can be disaggregated into three components: financing, recruitment and geography. The most common sources of rebel finance are the appropriation of natural resources, donations from sympathetic Diasporas residing abroad, contributions from foreign states (hostile to the government) or multinational companie s interested in the region. Natural resource wealth is the chief among the three in terms of its relative importance. Recruitment is about the opportunity to induct fighting manpower; something made easier when there is a high proportion of young unemployed males in population, in a setting of endemic poverty and poor education. Geographical situations favourable to rebel groups are mountainous terrain and other safe havens for insurgents. In short, greed simply means the economic opportunity to fight, and should be distinguished from socio-political grievances. Collier and Hoefflers (2004) empirical findings conclude that the set of variables representing rebel opportunity or greed akin to loot-seeking are the main reasons for civil war. By implication, the alternative hypothesis of grievance (justice-seeking) focusing on ethnic religious divisions, political repression and horizontal inequality is dismissed, although its invalidity is not formally tested for. Natural resource rents constitute booty and this f act has been used to emphasise the greed or criminal motivation for conflict in fragile states. Central to the Collier and Hoefflers empirical testing for the greed hypothesis is the role of primary commodities in the economic structure. They measure the dependence on natural resources by the share of primary commodity exports in GDP, and the validity of this metric as well as the statistical robustness of the relationship between resource rents and the risk of conflict has been called into question. Be that as it may, the combined Collier and Hoeffler greed and Fearon and Laitin (2003) messages about greed and state failure causing rebellion, conflict or civil war has had an immense influence in the media and the donor policy communitys thinking about conflict. Therefore, any theorising about greed must be based on the economic motivations for violence and criminality. Belligerents in the wars of natural-resource rich countries could be acting in ways close to what Olson (1996) referred to as roving bandits who have no encompassing interest in preserving the state or its people but are simply intent on loot-than to stationary bandits who take control of the state and seek to maximise their own profit by encouraging stability and growth in their new domain. Conflict in Fragile States motivated by the desire to control natural resource rents could also mirror warlord competition, a term that owes its origins to the violent competition between leaders attempting to control economic resources in the context of medieval Europe. Skaperdas (2002) In a nutshell, a proper greed-based theory of conflict must relate to the trade-off between production and predation in making a living, where we may view war as theft writ large. Violence is one means of appropriating the resources of others. Note, that armed conflict implies the absence of contractual interaction (Edgeworth, 1881), and is in stark contrast to the alternative method of benefiting from the endowments of others via peaceful and voluntary exchange (trade) between economic agents, groups or nations. This implies that we also need to specify the conditions under which violence becomes a viable or more attractive option relative to other alternatives. A variety of game theoretic models describing the non-cooperative and conflictive interaction between groups exist, where the object is to capture the rivals endowment by force. One such model is due to Hirshleifer (1995), where each group has a fixed resource endowment, which can be used to either produce goods for consumption or armaments to fight the other group. Groups exist in a state of non-contractual anarchy vis-à  -vis each other; this also implies the absence of enforceable property rights. The object of fighting is to capture some of the rivals endowment. Success in war is uncertain, and the probability of victory is given by a Tullock (1980) contest success function, where the probability of victory for any group is given by their own military expenditure relative to the total fighting outlay made by all protagonists. Additionally, there is a military effectiveness parameter (akin to what is known as a force multiplier in military establishments); something that raises t he effectiveness of each unit of fighting effort. In the absence of increasing returns to scale in military effectiveness, and if a minimum subsistence income is present there will be a Nash non-cooperative equilibrium associated with some fighting. In other words, in the equilibrium both (or all) parties will be engaged in some fighting with each other, as well as some productive activities; unless one side manages to conquer others due to its individual military superiority. Hirshleifer (1995) describes this as a state of anarchy -something akin to primitive tribal warfare. Note, no possibility of trade is permitted between groups. Skaperdas (1992) outlines a model that is similar because it has a fixed resource endowment which can be devoted to either production or armament. The probability of success in war also depends on a similar contest success function. Both these models, however, neglect the destructiveness of war (collateral damage), and its capacity to ravage productive capacity, additional to direct military expenditure. These models employ intermediate inputs, and not factors of production, which can be shifted between fighting and production at no cost. Secondly, there is no growth in these models, something which would raise the opportunity costs of war. A similar effect could arise from complementarities in production between groups and/or economies of scale, which would make mergers between groups or cooperation in each groups self-interest. Thirdly, the possibilities of peaceful exchange need to be limited (absent in Hirshleifer, 1995) in order to rationalise conflict. Wars can also reflect the absence of institutions which facilitate negotiation and peaceful exchange. Despite these limitations, there is much in these models that can explain the greedy behaviour as analyzed by the empirical exponents of the greed hypothesis. The presence of readily capturable natural resource based rents may make conflict more attractive when compared to peaceful production, as can a shortage of intermediate inputs due to population pressure. These resources are best regarded as a nonproduced prize such as oil or diamonds (which apart from extraction costs are like manna from heaven), whose ownership is violently contested. Secondly, contributions from a sympathetic diaspora (or aid from a super-power in the cold war era) can raise the probability of victory of a potential rebel group against the state. Also, the inability of the state to act as a Stackelberg leader in a potentially divided nation may raise the chances of war between groups in a manner similar to t he weak state capacity mechanism favoured by some political scientists (like James Fearon). For example, in the Hirshleifer (1995) model where different groups are in a state of anarchy vis-à  -vis one another, the ability of one group to behave as a Stackelberg leader reduces equilibrium fighting levels and raises each sides per-capita income. The leader, however, gains relatively less compared to followers, creating an incentive for each side to be a follower. If one group is strong and militarily more effective it will dominate other groups, and there will be no fighting in the equilibrium. This may lead to state formation, which may or

Theories of Aging

For this part of the assignment I am going to be describing two theories of ageing. Firstly I will be describing the Disengagement theory and then the Activity theory. I will then be comparing the similarities and differences between the two, and also writing up two case studies of older people and explain the development that occurs in older life, relating back to the theories I will have discussed. Firstly the theory of Social Disengagement, disengagement means a person’s withdrawal from involvement with anything. The theory was first put forward by two authors Cumming and Henry in 1961 who believed that it was natural for the elderly to withdraw from social involvement with others, due to having restricted opportunities to interact with other people. There are many issues that limit social interaction which results in disengagement. Some of these may be things like retirement, ill health, mobility, travel or technology. The theory of disengagement was widely accepted as other theorists such as Bromley (1974) agreed with the theory arguing that â€Å"although some individuals fight the process all the way, disengagement of some sort is bound to come, simply because old people have neither the physical not the mental resources they had when they were young. † Secondly the Activity theory, this theory argues that older people need to stay mentally and socially active to limit the risks of disengagement. Being active in older life can help people to overcome many of the problems and issues they will have to endure throughout the older lifestage. Being active can include taking part in sports and activities, joining clubs and groups to go on trips, outings, holidays and even simple things like continuing with hobbies such as gardening or walking the dog. Being active is very important for many reasons when a person is in the later years of life. It is believed that it’s not enough to simple provide facilities for older people they must be educated to make use of them and encouraged to abandon fixed habits. The main argument for the activity theory is that disengagement can ultimately result in loss of physical and mental skills due to lack of practice. My first case study is of a man named Howard Lane, he died aged 75 years old and had been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s 9 years earlier. Over the 9 years his condition seriously deteriorated. Howard had had a very active life with various jobs such as a Clerk of Works at Par Docks, a mental nurse and other physically demanding roles. He had been married for 52 years and had two grown up children, a daughter Jennie who had two children and a son Richard who had four children. Howard was a very involved grandparent throughout the whole of his grandchildren’s lives until his condition deteriorated so badly he couldn’t even tell who they were anymore. As Howard reached retirement he remained a very engaged active person despite the label he was now given as being ‘old. ’ He very much fitted the role within the activity theory, regularly exercising, seeing his family, keeping in contact with them in a number of ways. He and his wife had a particular passion for ballroom dancing†¦ they had won competitions! He had a very healthy appetite, and had never smoked or drank at all throughout his life. Although Howard had always been healthy and had no previous health issues and had stayed active throughout his final lifestage he still developed the disease Alzheimer’s. As the illness progressed Howard gradually changed as a person. He became forgetful, got confused easily, and as he began to seriously deteriorate he became violent at times, physically incapable of doing things for himself, he would forget things that had happened and who people were. Further into his illness Howard became more and more disengaged. His whole life had changed due to the process of ageing along with the unfortunate illness he had. Not only had the disengagement affected Howard as a person it was also affecting a lot around him. Firstly the most obvious effect it was having was on Howard’s family. They began to be constantly worry about him therefore would be constantly in contact asking him if he was ok. It also put a large amount of stress on his wife Vera, and because she was in her older age as well she found it very hard to deal with the stress she was under. By the time Howard was the age of 71 Vera had no other option but to put Howard in a nursing home so he could receive the care that he needed. Due to Howard’s illness Vera had now become disengaged, she had spent all of her time looking after her husband, worrying about him and visiting him constantly. Another major factor that affected Vera’s stress was the fees she had to pay at the nursing home. She was very worried about the scale of the costs and was worried about having to sell her home. She had gradually lost contact with her friends and had no time for any personal hobbies or even time to properly look after herself and because of this Vera had become stressed and run down and was finding caring for Howard very hard to cope with. Her biggest worry and fear constantly being how she would cope with it if Howard died. Bereavement is usually hard to cope with for the elderly especially disengaged people, they are likely to feel more isolated and alone and this is what Vera was frightened of. In actual fact Vera died suddenly in December 2003, shortly followed by Howard June 2004. By this time Howard had no understanding of anyone around him as he had little response to anything, therefore he did not grieve for his wife as he didn’t even understand that she was gone. Their family described it as a blessing because in this way Vera never had to cope with the bereavement of losing her partner and neither did he. Overall retirement did have a positive effect on Vera and Howard to begin with. They had more freedom to be active, pursue their hobbies, spend time together, and with their loved ones. However old age brought ill health which caused Vera and Howard to disengage and become isolated from others which continued to bring ill health and stress. My second case study is about a woman named Ruth Cohen. Ruth Cohen is an 84 year old woman, she had previously been a teacher for nearly 40 years. Ruth has one son of 60 who has two daughters Lisa and Issie, Lisa has a son of 17. Ruth is a very old woman and has a number of health problems including arthritis, high blood pressure, and sight and hearing problems. However Ruth has lead a very healthy and active retirement. Since Ruth has retired she has done voluntary work for a number of charities and her local church as she is a very religious woman. Even in her late 70’s Ruth attends church every Sunday and helped to run the local Sunday school. She regularly met her friends from church to go out for tea. She tries to visit her children and grandchild as much as she can however due to her eyesight she cannot drive anymore so her only way of seeing them is to get the bus. In her old age, Ruth despite still being so active has become quite frail and is frightened easily therefore tries to avoid going to places with people she doesn’t know, she tends to stay in her own village, go to the same shops and see the same people every day. Ruth was married for 60 years to James, unfortunately 14 years ago James passed away due to a heart attack. Ruth obviously had a hard time with the loss of her husband of 60 years however because of the lifestyle Ruth led she managed to carry on with her life and avoided becoming disengaged and easily accepted the support and help of ther whereas a lot of people cannot do so so easily. Because of Ruth’s personality and the way she was her family didn’t feel like they had to constantly worry about her and they knew she would be getting on fine without their constant care. However Ruth is getting rather old now so they do visit more frequently and her granddaughter Issie bought her a dog to keep her compan y and occupied. As Ruth entered her 80’s the physical ageing process could no longer be avoided and began to take over her life. She became very weak and could only walk with a Zimmer frame, she became increasingly isolated in her home due to mobility issues and although people did visit she began to feel lonely and depressed. This case study is perfect evidence of the disengagement theory. Although Ruth remained active and dealt with the bereavement she endured and her health issues it was inevitable that age caught up on her, she lead a fulfilling retirement and kept up all of her routines and hobbies as long as she physically could but eventually her mobility limited her life and effected her emotionally as well as physically. Theories of Aging For this part of the assignment I am going to be describing two theories of ageing. Firstly I will be describing the Disengagement theory and then the Activity theory. I will then be comparing the similarities and differences between the two, and also writing up two case studies of older people and explain the development that occurs in older life, relating back to the theories I will have discussed. Firstly the theory of Social Disengagement, disengagement means a person’s withdrawal from involvement with anything. The theory was first put forward by two authors Cumming and Henry in 1961 who believed that it was natural for the elderly to withdraw from social involvement with others, due to having restricted opportunities to interact with other people. There are many issues that limit social interaction which results in disengagement. Some of these may be things like retirement, ill health, mobility, travel or technology. The theory of disengagement was widely accepted as other theorists such as Bromley (1974) agreed with the theory arguing that â€Å"although some individuals fight the process all the way, disengagement of some sort is bound to come, simply because old people have neither the physical not the mental resources they had when they were young. † Secondly the Activity theory, this theory argues that older people need to stay mentally and socially active to limit the risks of disengagement. Being active in older life can help people to overcome many of the problems and issues they will have to endure throughout the older lifestage. Being active can include taking part in sports and activities, joining clubs and groups to go on trips, outings, holidays and even simple things like continuing with hobbies such as gardening or walking the dog. Being active is very important for many reasons when a person is in the later years of life. It is believed that it’s not enough to simple provide facilities for older people they must be educated to make use of them and encouraged to abandon fixed habits. The main argument for the activity theory is that disengagement can ultimately result in loss of physical and mental skills due to lack of practice. My first case study is of a man named Howard Lane, he died aged 75 years old and had been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s 9 years earlier. Over the 9 years his condition seriously deteriorated. Howard had had a very active life with various jobs such as a Clerk of Works at Par Docks, a mental nurse and other physically demanding roles. He had been married for 52 years and had two grown up children, a daughter Jennie who had two children and a son Richard who had four children. Howard was a very involved grandparent throughout the whole of his grandchildren’s lives until his condition deteriorated so badly he couldn’t even tell who they were anymore. As Howard reached retirement he remained a very engaged active person despite the label he was now given as being ‘old. ’ He very much fitted the role within the activity theory, regularly exercising, seeing his family, keeping in contact with them in a number of ways. He and his wife had a particular passion for ballroom dancing†¦ they had won competitions! He had a very healthy appetite, and had never smoked or drank at all throughout his life. Although Howard had always been healthy and had no previous health issues and had stayed active throughout his final lifestage he still developed the disease Alzheimer’s. As the illness progressed Howard gradually changed as a person. He became forgetful, got confused easily, and as he began to seriously deteriorate he became violent at times, physically incapable of doing things for himself, he would forget things that had happened and who people were. Further into his illness Howard became more and more disengaged. His whole life had changed due to the process of ageing along with the unfortunate illness he had. Not only had the disengagement affected Howard as a person it was also affecting a lot around him. Firstly the most obvious effect it was having was on Howard’s family. They began to be constantly worry about him therefore would be constantly in contact asking him if he was ok. It also put a large amount of stress on his wife Vera, and because she was in her older age as well she found it very hard to deal with the stress she was under. By the time Howard was the age of 71 Vera had no other option but to put Howard in a nursing home so he could receive the care that he needed. Due to Howard’s illness Vera had now become disengaged, she had spent all of her time looking after her husband, worrying about him and visiting him constantly. Another major factor that affected Vera’s stress was the fees she had to pay at the nursing home. She was very worried about the scale of the costs and was worried about having to sell her home. She had gradually lost contact with her friends and had no time for any personal hobbies or even time to properly look after herself and because of this Vera had become stressed and run down and was finding caring for Howard very hard to cope with. Her biggest worry and fear constantly being how she would cope with it if Howard died. Bereavement is usually hard to cope with for the elderly especially disengaged people, they are likely to feel more isolated and alone and this is what Vera was frightened of. In actual fact Vera died suddenly in December 2003, shortly followed by Howard June 2004. By this time Howard had no understanding of anyone around him as he had little response to anything, therefore he did not grieve for his wife as he didn’t even understand that she was gone. Their family described it as a blessing because in this way Vera never had to cope with the bereavement of losing her partner and neither did he. Overall retirement did have a positive effect on Vera and Howard to begin with. They had more freedom to be active, pursue their hobbies, spend time together, and with their loved ones. However old age brought ill health which caused Vera and Howard to disengage and become isolated from others which continued to bring ill health and stress. My second case study is about a woman named Ruth Cohen. Ruth Cohen is an 84 year old woman, she had previously been a teacher for nearly 40 years. Ruth has one son of 60 who has two daughters Lisa and Issie, Lisa has a son of 17. Ruth is a very old woman and has a number of health problems including arthritis, high blood pressure, and sight and hearing problems. However Ruth has lead a very healthy and active retirement. Since Ruth has retired she has done voluntary work for a number of charities and her local church as she is a very religious woman. Even in her late 70’s Ruth attends church every Sunday and helped to run the local Sunday school. She regularly met her friends from church to go out for tea. She tries to visit her children and grandchild as much as she can however due to her eyesight she cannot drive anymore so her only way of seeing them is to get the bus. In her old age, Ruth despite still being so active has become quite frail and is frightened easily therefore tries to avoid going to places with people she doesn’t know, she tends to stay in her own village, go to the same shops and see the same people every day. Ruth was married for 60 years to James, unfortunately 14 years ago James passed away due to a heart attack. Ruth obviously had a hard time with the loss of her husband of 60 years however because of the lifestyle Ruth led she managed to carry on with her life and avoided becoming disengaged and easily accepted the support and help of ther whereas a lot of people cannot do so so easily. Because of Ruth’s personality and the way she was her family didn’t feel like they had to constantly worry about her and they knew she would be getting on fine without their constant care. However Ruth is getting rather old now so they do visit more frequently and her granddaughter Issie bought her a dog to keep her compan y and occupied. As Ruth entered her 80’s the physical ageing process could no longer be avoided and began to take over her life. She became very weak and could only walk with a Zimmer frame, she became increasingly isolated in her home due to mobility issues and although people did visit she began to feel lonely and depressed. This case study is perfect evidence of the disengagement theory. Although Ruth remained active and dealt with the bereavement she endured and her health issues it was inevitable that age caught up on her, she lead a fulfilling retirement and kept up all of her routines and hobbies as long as she physically could but eventually her mobility limited her life and effected her emotionally as well as physically.